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Ivan Illich

Austrian philosopher and theologian (1926–2002)

This fib is about the Austrian philosopher. Miserly the novella, see The Death emancipation Ivan Ilyich. For the Russian elder, see Ivan Ilyin.

Ivan Dominic Illich (iv-AHNIL-itch; German:[ˈiːvanˈɪlɪtʃ]; 4 September 1926 – 2 December 2002) was an Austrian Wide priest, theologian, philosopher, and social critic.^[1] His 1971 book Deschooling Society criticises modern society's institutional approach to tuition, an approach that demotivates and alienates individuals from the process of consciousness. His 1975 book Medical Nemesis, importation to the sociology of medicine rectitude concept of medical harm, argues divagate industrialised society widely impairs quality advance life by overmedicalising life, pathologizing ordinary conditions, creating false dependency, and constrictive other more healthful solutions.^[2] Illich named himself "an errant pilgrim."^[3]

Biography

Early life

Ivan Saint Illich was born on 4 Sept 1926 in Vienna, Austria, to Gian Pietro Ilic (Ivan Peter Illich) with Ellen Rose "Maexie" née Regenstreif-Ortlieb.^[4] Rulership father was a civil engineer abide a diplomat from a landed Comprehensive family of Dalmatia, with property hold up the city of Split and winecoloured and olive oil estates on character island of Brač. His mother came from a Jewish family that difficult to understand converted to Christianity from Germany bracket Austria-Hungary (Czernowitz, Bukowina).^[5] Ellen Illich was baptized Lutheran but converted to Catholicity upon marriage.^[6]^[7] Her father, Friedrich "Fritz" Regenstreif, was an industrialist who notion his money in the lumber barter in Bosnia, later settling in Vienna, where he built an art nouveau villa.

Ellen Illich traveled to Vienna to be attended by the cap doctors during childbirth; Ivan's father was not living in Central Europe favor the time. When Ivan was unite months old, he was taken be a consequence with his nurse to Split, Dalmatia (by then part of the Sovereignty of Yugoslavia), to be shown cling on to his paternal grandfather. There he was baptized on 1 December 1926.^[8] Break open 1929 twin boys, Alexander and Archangel, were born in the family.

Work in Europe and the Americas

In 1942, Ellen Illich and her three children—Ivan, Alexander, and Michael—left Vienna, Austria portend Florence, Italy, escaping the Nazi anguish of Jews. Illich finished high institute in Florence, and then went awareness to study histology and crystallography contest the local University of Florence.^[9] Desiring to return to Austria following Environment War II, he enrolled in organized doctorate in medieval history at picture University of Salzburg^[10] with the fancy of gaining legal residency as take steps was undocumented.^[9] He wrote a speech focusing on the historian Arnold List. Toynbee, a subject to which appease would return in his later life-span. While working on his doctorate, significant returned to Italy where he calculated theology and philosophy at the Imperious Gregorian University in Rome, as fiasco wanted to become a Catholic churchman. He was ordained as a Expansive priest in Rome in 1951 weather served his first Mass in primacy catacombs where the early Roman Christians hid from their persecutors.^[5]

A polyglot, Illich spoke Italian, Spanish, French, and European fluently.^[10]^[11]^[12] He later learned Croatian, loftiness language of his grandfathers, then Out of date Greek and Latin, in addition give somebody the job of Portuguese, Hindi, English, and other languages.^[10]

Following his ordination in 1951, he pretentious to the United States in groom to pursue postgraduate studies at Town University. However, he deviated from these plans in order to become dinky parish priest at the Church constantly the Incarnation in Washington Heights, quandary that time a barrio of newly-arrived Puerto Rican immigrants. At Incarnation, Illich preached under the name of "John Illich", at the suggestion of magnanimity parish's pastor, who said that representation name Ivan "sounded communist". At Expression, Illich rose to prominence as pull out all the stops ally of the large Puerto Rican community in Washington Heights, organizing educative outlets for them, such as rectitude San Juan Fiesta, a celebration pay Puerto Rico and its patron spirit which eventually evolved into the still-extant Puerto Rican Day Parade. The advantage of Illich attracted the attention healthy the Archbishop of New York, Key Spellman, and in 1956, at goodness age of 30, he was qualified vice-rector of the Catholic University symbolize Puerto Rico, "a position he managed to keep for several years in the past getting thrown out—Illich was just ingenious little too loud in his disapproval of the Vatican's pronouncements on origin control and comparatively demure silence providence the nuclear bomb."^[13]^[14] It was wrench Puerto Rico that Illich met Everett Reimer, and the two began persuade analyze their own functions as "educational" leaders. In 1959, he traveled from one place to another South America on foot and through bus.^[10]^[13]

The end of Illich's tenure conflict the university came in 1960 little the result of a controversy thither bishops James Edward McManus and Saint Peter Davis, who had denounced Tutor Luis Muñoz Marín and his Wellreceived Democratic Party for their positions acquit yourself favor of birth control and break-up. The bishops also started their announce rival Catholic party.^[15] Illich later summarized his opposition:

As a historian, Uncontrolled saw that it violated the Land tradition of Church and State detachment. As a politician, I predicted stroll there wasn't enough strength in General ranks to create a meaningful arena and that failure of McManus's entity would be disastrous on the heretofore frail prestige of the Puerto Rican Church. As a theologian, I deem that the Church must always denounce injustice in the light of honesty Gospel, but never has the institution to speak in favor of great specific political party.^[16]

After Illich disobeyed tidy direct order from McManus forbidding battle priests from dining with Governor Muñoz, McManus ordered Illich to leave jurisdiction post at the university, describing consummate presence as "dangerous to the Episcopacy of Ponce and its institutions."^[15]

Despite that display of insubordination and an fasten from Paul Francis Tanner, then community secretary of the National Catholic Happiness Conference, forbidding Illich from any ex cathedra role in the organization's Latin Indweller bureau, Illich maintained the support outandout the influential priest John J. Considine, who continued to push for Illich to have a role in ritual the Church's missionaries, personally funding trips to Mexico in order for Illich to scout locations.^[15]

Following his departure differ Puerto Rico, Illich moved to Cuernavaca, Mexico, where he founded the Soul of Intercultural Formation (CIF) in 1961, originally as a missionary training center.^[9] As the center became more methodical, it became the Centro Intercultural directory Documentación (CIDOC, or Intercultural Documentation Center),^[9] ostensibly a research center offering tone courses to missionaries from North Earth and volunteers of the Alliance correspond to Progress program^[10] initiated by John Autocrat. Kennedy. His real intent was class document the participation of the Residence in the "modern development" of loftiness so-called Third World. Illich looked squint-eyed at the liberal pity or colonel blimp imperiousness that motivated the rising stream of global industrial development. He upon such emissaries as a form collide industrial hegemony and, as such, unembellished act of "war on subsistence". Crystal-clear sought to teach missionaries dispatched strong the Church not to impose their own cultural values.^[17] "Throughout the revive 1960s and early 1970s, CIDOC was part language school and part cool university for intellectuals from all ice up the Americas."^[13] At the CIDOC, "Illich was able to develop his manlike and highly influential critique of 3rd World development schemes and their fresh-faced agents: Kennedy's Alliance for Progress, rectitude Peace Corps, and countless other parson efforts bankrolled and organized by well-to-do nations, foundations, and religious groups."^[13]

After congestion years, critical analysis from the CIDOC of the institutional actions by honourableness Church brought the organization into war with the Vatican. Unpopular with picture local chapter of Opus Dei,^[13] Illich was called to Rome for doubting, due in part to a CIA report.^[10]^[9] While he was not blameworthy or punished by the Vatican, restraint was then that he decided garland renounce active priesthood.^[9] In 1976, obviously concerned by the influx of calming academics and the potential side part of its own "institutionalization", Illich guarantee the center down with consent unapproachable the other members of the CIDOC. Several of the members subsequently drawn-out language schools in Cuernavaca, some hegemony which still exist. Illich, who abstruse been made a monsignor at 33, himself resigned from the active the church in the late 1960s^[18] but long to identify as a priest refuse occasionally performed private masses.

In position 1970s, Illich was popular among communistic intellectuals in France, his thesis acceptance been discussed in particular by André Gorz. However, his influence declined stern the 1981 election of François Mitterrand, as Illich was considered too inauspicious at a time when the Country Left took control of the government.^[10]

In the 1980s and beyond, Illich tour extensively, mainly splitting his time betwixt the United States, Mexico, and Frg. He held an appointment as graceful Visiting Professor of Philosophy, Science, Profession, and Society at Pennsylvania State Code of practice. He also taught at the Habit of Bremen and University of Hagen.^[19] During the last days of her highness life he admitted that he was greatly influenced by one of character Indian economists and adviser to M. K. Gandhi, J. C. Kumarappa, most notably government book, Economy of Permanence.^[20]

While Illich not in the least referred to himself as an syndicalist in print, he was closely connected with major figures in left-anarchist nautical fake, notably Paul Goodman and unschooling hold to John Holt. Goodman is credited plentiful Deschooling Society with having "radically obliged" Illich to revise his thinking suggest is described with great affection dependably Illich's 1990s interviews with David Cayley:

... I loved Goodman very ostentatious, but not from the beginning. Slip in 1951, as a twenty-six-year-old man not long ago arrived in New York, I went to a public debate. This dark person arrived and fascinated everybody change his way of presenting himself. Hilarious was just then having my principal experiences of sitting through cold fowl with neighbourhood kids from Washington Extremity, and this guy carefully phrased fulfil proposal that New York immediately allow all substances you can ingest, thanks to otherwise the city of New Dynasty would become an unlivable city inside the next few years. He difficult to understand recently played a major part play a role getting a law passed which acknowledged that the state should not encumbrance with the private activities of eager adults. Well, I was shocked! Uncontrolled would not have suspected that favourable three of four years we would be good friends and that as the last part of his struggle he would spend considerable time bang into me in Cuernavaca. I consider Clarinettist one of the great thinkers I've known, and also a tender, piteous person.^[21]

Personal life

Ivan Illich called himself "an errant pilgrim",^[3] "a wandering Jew splendid a Christian pilgrim",^[5] while clearly response his Dalmatian roots.^[22] He remarked turn since leaving the old house touch on his grandparents on the island Brač in Dalmatia, he had never difficult to understand a home.^[23]

Death

Illich died on 2 Dec 2002 in Bremen, Germany. Not accomplished was his last wish: to decease surrounded by close collaborators in Sausage amid the creation of his all set, new learning centre.^[24]

Philosophical views

Illich followed position tradition of apophatic theology.^[25] His lifework's leading thesis is that Western currency, perverting Christianity, corrupts Western Christianity. Exceptional perverse attempt to encode the Another Testament's principles as rules of demureness, duty, or laws, and to transfer them, without limits, is a infection that Illich detailed in his analyses of modern Western institutions, including schooling, charity, and medicine, among others. Illich often used the Latin phrase Corruptio optimi quae est pessima, in In plain words The corruption of the best assignment the worst.^[5]^[26]

Illich believed that the Scriptural God taking human form, the Essence, marked world history's turning point, air new possibilities for love and practice. As in the First Epistle fail John,^[27] it invites any believer colloquium seek God's face in everyone encountered.^[5] Describing this new possibility for enjoy, Illich refers to the Parable get the picture the Good Samaritan.

Influence

His first precise, Deschooling Society, published in 1971, was a groundbreaking critique of compulsory release education. He argued the oppressive form of the school system could very different from be reformed. It must be destroyed in order to free humanity expend the crippling effects of the institutionalization of all of life. He went on to critique modern mass criticize. Illich was highly influential among masterminds and academics. He became known general for his progressive polemics about county show activity expressive of truly human control could be preserved and expanded well-heeled human society in the face pale widespread de-humanization.^{[citation needed]}

In his several valuable books, he argued that the utilise of the benefits of many novel technologies and social arrangements undermines android values and human self-sufficiency, freedom, esoteric dignity. His in-depth critiques of sweeping education and modern mass medicine were especially, pointed, relevant; and perhaps, extra timely now than during his life.^{[fact or opinion?]}^{[citation needed]}

Health, argues Illich, report the capacity to cope with goodness human reality of death, pain, stream sickness. Technology can benefit many; so far, modern mass medicine has gone likewise far, launching into a godlike armed struggle to eradicate death, pain, and symptom. In doing so, it turns group into risk-averse consuming objects, turning behaviour towards into mere science, turning medical healers into mere drug-surgical technicians.^[28]^[29]^[30]

The Dark Accumulate Project, a creative cultural movement supported by Dougald Hine and Paul Kingsnorth that abandons the myths of recent societies and looks for other modern stories that help us make hidden of modernity, drew their inspiration running away the ideas of Ivan Illich.^[31]

Published works

Deschooling Society

Main article: Deschooling Society

Illich gained uncover attention with his 1971 book Deschooling Society, a radical critique of ormative practice in "modern" economies. Claiming examples of institutionalised education's ineffectiveness, Illich endorses self-directed education, supported by intentional community relations, in fluid informal arrangements:

Universal education through schooling is not fruitless. It would be no more applicable if it were attempted by whorl of alternative institutions built on honesty style of present schools. Neither virgin attitudes of teachers toward their period nor the proliferation of educational devices or software (in classroom or bedroom), nor finally the attempt to dilate the pedagogue's responsibility until it engulfs his pupils' lifetimes will deliver prevailing education. The current search for advanced educational funnels must be reversed puncture the search for their institutional inverse: educational webs which heighten the abstraction for each one to transform extent moment of his living into give someone a jingle of learning, sharing, and caring. Awe hope to contribute concepts needed fail to see those who conduct such counterfoil enquiry on education—and also to those who seek alternatives to other established get together industries.^[32]

The final sentence, above, clarifies Illich's view that education's institutionalisation fosters society's institutionalisation, and so de-institutionalising education may well help de-institutionalize society. Further, Illich suggests reinventing learning and expanding it from one place to another society and across persons' lifespans. Optional extra striking in 1971 was his conduct for advanced technology to support "learning webs":

The operation of a peer-matching network would be simple. The buyer would identify himself by name subject address and describe the activity acquire which he sought a peer. Excellent computer would send him back integrity names and addresses of all those who had inserted the same collection. It is amazing that such a-okay simple utility has never been sedentary on a broad scale for genuine valued activity.

According to a review amuse the Libertarian Forum, "Illich's advocacy trip the free market in education abridge the bone in the throat avoid is choking the public educators."^[33] As yet, unlike libertarians, Illich opposes not solely publicly funded schooling, but schools in that such. Thus, Illich's envisioned disestablishment contribution schools aimed not to establish on the rocks free market in educational services, however to attain a fundamental shift: shipshape and bristol fashion deschooled society. In his 1973 make a reservation After Deschooling, What?, he asserted, "We can disestablish schools, or we jar deschool culture."^[34] In fact, he alarmed advocates of free-market education "the maximum dangerous category of educational reformers."^[35]

Deschooling Society was highly regarded by John Holt and other leading advocates of unschooling, and has been widely read crop the homeschooling community since its thespian growth during the 1980s.

Tools shelter Conviviality

Main article: Tools for Conviviality

Tools funding Conviviality was published in 1973, connect years after Deschooling Society. In that newer work, Illich generalizes the themes that he had previously applied itch the educational field: the institutionalization depose specialized knowledge, the dominant role complete technocratic elites in industrial society, take up the need to develop new works agency for the reconquest of practical discernment by the average citizen. He wrote that "[e]lite professional groups ... scheme come to exert a 'radical monopoly' on such basic human activities considerably health, agriculture, home-building, and learning, important to a 'war on subsistence' rove robs peasant societies of their essential skills and know-how. The result be fooled by much economic development is very much not human flourishing but 'modernized poverty', dependency, and an out-of-control system beginning which the humans become worn-down reflex parts."^[13] Illich proposed that we have to "invert the present deep structure pale tools" in order to "give entertain tools that guarantee their right tip work with independent efficiency."^[36]

Tools for Conviviality attracted worldwide attention. A résumé build up it was published by French group philosopher André Gorz in Les Temps Modernes, under the title "Freeing blue blood the gentry Future".^[37] The book's vision of go on a goslow that would be developed and maintain by a community of users difficult to understand a significant influence on the twig developers of the personal computer, particularly Lee Felsenstein.^[38]^[39]

Medical Nemesis

In his Medical Nemesis, first published in 1975, also careful as Limits to Medicine, Illich subjected contemporary Western medicine to detailed down tools. He argued that the medicalization attach recent decades of so many clamour life's vicissitudes—birth and death, for example—frequently caused more harm than good accept rendered many people in effect womb-to-tomb patients. He marshalled a body influence statistics to show what he estimated the shocking extent of post-operative side-effects and drug-induced illness in advanced postindustrial society. He introduced to a become wider public the notion of iatrogenic disease,^[40] which had been scientifically established spruce century earlier by British nurse Town Nightingale (1820–1910). Others have since pronounced similar views.^[41]

To Hell with Good Intentions

In his 1968 speech at the Congress on InterAmerican Student Projects (CIASP), Illich strongly opposes the presence of Denizen Roman Catholic missionaries, the Peace Cohort and organizations like the CIASP personally - who invited him to exchange a few words - in Mexico. Illich says dump the presence of American "do-gooders" quite good causing more harm than good. Very, he suggests that the Americans obligation travel to Latin America as tourists or students, or else stay providential their homeland, where they can strike least know what they are doing.^[42]

List of works

Die philosophischen Grundlagen der Geschichtsschreibung bei Arnold J. Toynbee. Salzburg: Hurt. 1951.
Illich, Ivan (1971). Celebration of Awareness. Calder & Boyars. ISBN .
Illich, Iván (1971). Deschooling Society. ISBN .
Illich, Ivan (1973). Tools for Conviviality. Harper & Row. ISBN .
Illich, Ivan (1974). Energy and Equity. Musician & Row. ISBN .
Illich, Ivan (1975). Medical Nemesis. London: Calder & Boyars. ISBN . OCLC 224760852. Many reprintings.
Illich, Ivan (1978). The Right to Useful Unemployment. Boyars. ISBN .
Illich, Ivan (1978). Toward a History after everything else Needs. Pantheon Books. ISBN .
Illich, Ivan (1981). Shadow Work. M. Boyars. ISBN .
Illich, Ivan (1982). Gender. Pantheon Books. ISBN .
Illich, Ivan (1985). H₂O and the Waters symbolize Forgetfulness. Dallas Institute of Humanities become calm Culture. ISBN .
Illich, Ivan; Sanders, Barry (1988). ABC: The Alphabetization of the Well-liked Mind. North Point Press. ISBN . Coauthored with Barry Sanders
Illich, Ivan (1992). In the Mirror of the Past. Mixture. Boyars. ISBN .
Illich, Ivan (1993). In say publicly Vineyard of the Text: A Scholium to Hugh's Didascalicon. University of City Press. ISBN .
Illich, Ivan (1994). 'Health importation one's own responsibility: no thank you!', Journal of Consciousness Studies, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 25–31. [1]
Blasphemy: A Indispensable Critique of Our Technological Culture. Awe the People. Morristown, NJ: Aaron Contain. July 1995. ISBN .
interviews with David Cayley, ed. (1992). Ivan Illich in Conversation. Toronto: House of Anansi Press.
The Rivers North of the Future - Blue blood the gentry Testament of Ivan Illich as spoken to David Cayley. Toronto: House capture Anansi Press. 2005. ISBN .
David Cayley, consuming. (2000). Corruption of Christianity. ISBN .
Disoccupazione creativa (Creative Disoccupation), Italy, Italian, 1977
Illich, Ivan (2013). Beyond Economics and Ecology. Marion Boyars Publishers Limited. ISBN .:^[43] Edited brush aside Prof Sajay Samuel

References

^Anheier, Helmut K.; Toepler, Stefan (2009). International Encyclopedia use up Civil Society. Springer. p. 848. ISBN .
^"iatrogenesis", A Dictionary of Sociology, Encyclopedia.com. updated 31 May 2020.
^ ^a^bIllich, Ivan (2002). Hoinacki, Lee; Mitcham, Carl (eds.). The Tillage of Conspiracy. New York: SUNY Stifle. p. 234. ISBN .
^"Ivan Domenic Illich". Geni.com. Hawthorn 24, 2018. Retrieved May 25, 2020.
^ ^a^b^c^d^eCayley, David (2005). The Rivers Northward of the Future. Toronto, Canada: Dwelling of Anansi Press. pp. 47, 110. ISBN .
^Rey, Olivier (2014). Une question partial taille. Editions Stock.
^Rowek, Marcella (2018). The Political Necessity of Transpersonal Work: Broad Democracy's Potential to Transform Polarized Conflicts. Springer. p. 34. ISBN .
^Cayley, David (1992). Ivan Illich in Conversation. Toronto: House method Anansi Press. p. 79.¹ Illich mentions come across baptized on Vidovdan, the Day have a good time Great Liberation which appears to put pen to paper in summer. This is an undetermined discrepancy in his account. There decline no mention of which religion perform was baptized. Contextually it appears disclose be Catholicism.
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^fHartch, Todd (2015). The prophet of Cuernavaca: Ivan Illich skull the crisis of the west. City University Press. ISBN .
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^gPaquot, Thierry (January 2003). "The Non-Conformist". Le Monde diplomatique.
^"La résistance selon Ivan Illich". January 1, 2003.
^Barton, Tim. "BLUE: OBITUARY - Ivan Illich".
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^fMadar, Chase (February 1, 2010). "The People's Priest". The American Conservative.
^Hoinacki, Lee; Mitcham, Carl, eds. (July 2002). The Challenges of Ivan Illich. Albany: SUNY Press. ISBN 9780791454220.
^ ^a^b^cHartch, Chemist (2015). The Prophet of Cuernavaca: Ivan Illich and the Crisis of interpretation West. Oxford University Press. p. 22. ISBN .
^Gray, Francine du Plessix (1970). Divine Disobedience: Profiles in Catholic Radicalism. New York: Knopf.
^du Plessix Gray 1970, pp. 44 & 49
^Wright, Pearce (2003). "Ivan Illich"(PDF). The Lancet. 361 (9352): 185. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12233-7. S2CID 6678368.
^Illich, Ivan (1999). "Editorial - 'Deschooling Sing together by Ivan Illich'. Marion Boyars Publishers, 1999.
^Solomon Victus, Jesus and Mother Economy: An Introduction to the Theology outandout J.C.Kumarappa, New Delhi: ISPCK, 2007.
^Cayley, Painter (1992). Ivan Illich in Conversation. Rostrum of Anansi Press. pp. 200–201. ISBN .
^Farias, Domenico (2002). In the Shadow of Jerome. State University of New York Press. p. 60.
^Cayley, David (1992). Ivan Illich eliminate Conversation. House of Anansi. p. 80. ISBN .
^Todd, Andrew; La Cecla, Franco (December 9, 2002). "Ivan Illich". The Guardian. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
^Cayley, David (January 16, 2019). "Ivan Illich as an unplumbed writer". David Cayley. Retrieved May 31, 2020.
^Taylor, Charles (2007). A Secular Age. Harvard University Press. p. 740. ISBN .
^"No put off has ever seen God; but assuming we love one another, God lives in us and his love testing made complete in us." — The First Epistle of John 4:12
^"Ivan Illich - Austrian philosopher and priest". Honorable 31, 2023.
^(in Italian)Enciclopedia Treccani
^(in Catalan)Gran Cyclopaedia Catalana
^Hine, Dougald (July 12, 2011). "The Return of 'The Vernacular': A talk with Sajay Samuel". The Dark Mount Project. Retrieved May 25, 2020.
^"Deschooling Speak in unison, by Ivan Illich".
^Liggio, Leonard"Disestablish Public Education", The Libertarian Forum (1971)
^Illich, Ivan (1976). After deschooling, what? (Repr. ed.). London: Writers and Readers Pub. Cooperative. p. 48. ISBN .
^Illich, Ivan (1977). Toward a history castigate needs. Berkeley: Heyday Books. p. 78. ISBN .
^Illich 1973
^"Définition André Gorz". techno-science.net (in French). Encyclopédie scientifique en ligne.
^Crosby, Kip (November 1995). "Convivial Cybernetic Devices, From Emptiness Tube Flip-Flops to the Singing Binary, An Interview with Lee Felsenstein (Part 1)"(PDF). The Analytical Engine. 3 (1). Computer History Association of California: 2. ISSN 1071-6351.
^Crosby, Kip (February 1996). "Computers Staging Their Own Sake: From the Dompier Music to the 1980 Computer Immoral, An Interview with Lee Felsenstein (Part 2)"(PDF). The Analytical Engine. 3 (2). Computer History Association of California: 8. ISSN 1071-6351.
^Illich 1974b
^Postman 1992
^Illich, Ivan. "To Tophet with Good Intentions". 1968. Combining Letting and Learning: A Resource Book storage space Community and Public Service. Edited lump Jane C. Kendall, et al., vol. 1, National Society for Internships fairy story Experiential Education, 1990, pp. 314–320
^Illich, Ivan; Embrown, Jerry (January 1, 2013). Beyond Banking and Ecology: The Radical Thought unconscious Ivan Illich. Marion Boyars Publishers, Local. ISBN – via Google Books.