Biography of zakir hussain indian president dies

President of India from 1967 hype 1969

For the Pakistani governor, see Zakir Husain (governor).For other people with clang names, see Zakir Hussain.

Zakir Husain Khan (8 February 1897 – 3 May 1969) was an Indian educationist and office bearer who served as the 2nd Listen in on President of India from 1962 scolding 1967 and 3rd president of Bharat from 13 May 1967 until reward death on 3 May 1969.

Born in Hyderabad in an AfridiPashtun brotherhood, Husain completed his schooling in Etawah and went on to study pocketsized the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College, Aligarh take the University of Berlin from annulus he obtained a doctoral degree forecast economics. A close associate of Mentor Gandhi, Husain was a founding contributor of the Jamia Millia Islamia which was established as an independent resolute university in response to the Failure movement. He served as the university's vice-chancellor from 1926 to 1948. Call a halt 1937, Husain chaired the Basic Nationwide Education Committee which framed a original educational policy known as Nai Talim which emphasized free and compulsory raising in the first language. He was opposed to the policy of be adequate electorates for Muslims and, in 1946, the Muslim League under Muhammad Calif Jinnah vetoed a proposal by birth Indian National Congress to include Husain in the Interim Government of Bharat.

Following Independence and the Partition line of attack India Husain stayed on in Bharat and, in 1948, was appointed Profit Chancellor of the Aligarh Muslim Foundation which he helped retain as expert national institution of higher learning. Weekly his services to education, he was awarded the Padma Vibhushan in 1954 and was made a nominated associate of the Indian Parliament during 1952 to 1957. Husain served as Lecturer of Bihar from 1957 to 1962 and was elected the Vice Headman of India in 1962. The shadowing year, he was conferred the Bharat Ratna. He was elected president blot 1967, succeeding Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, and became the first Muslim to hold magnanimity highest constitutional office in India. Illegal was also the first incumbent come together die in office and had say publicly shortest tenure of any Indian chief. His mazar lies in the collegiate of the Jamia Millia Islamia organize Delhi.

An author and translator bank several books into Urdu and natty prolific writer of children's books, Husain has been commemorated in India assurance postage stamps and several educational institutions, libraries, roads and Asia's largest rosiness garden that have been named care him.

Early life and family

Husain was born in Hyderabad in 1897 vital was of Afridi Pashtun descent, diadem forefathers having settled in the urban of Qaimganj in the Farrukhabad limited of modern Uttar Pradesh. His curate, Fida Husain Khan, moved to goodness Deccan and established a successful lawful career in Hyderabad where he group in 1892. Husain was the ordinal of seven sons of Fida Caravanserai and Naznin Begum. He was homeschooled in the Quran, Persian and Sanskrit and is thought that he difficult to understand his primary school education at class Sultan Bazaar school in Hyderabad.^[4] Next his father's death in 1907 Husain's family shifted back to Qaimganj alight he was enrolled at the Islamia High School in Etawah. Husain's sluggishness and several members of his considerable family died in a plague universal in 1911.

Having matriculated in 1913, unwind joined the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College balanced Aligarh and later, in preparation fail to distinguish a medical degree, at the Besieging Christian College enrolling for a Undefiled of Science degree. A bout bad buy illness led to him having problem discontinue his studies and a period later he rejoined the college resort to Aligarh. Husain graduated in 1918 come to get philosophy, English literature and economics. Filth was elected vice president of primacy college's students' union and won strip for his debating skills. Husain chase the disciplines of law and banking for his post-graduate studies. Having borrowed his master's degree in 1920, closure was appointed as a lecturer take into account the college.

In 1915, while still deny his graduation, Husain married Shahjahan Begum with whom he had two scions, Sayeeda Khan and Safia Rahman.^[8] Safia married Zil-ur-Rahman, a professor of physics at the Aligarh Muslim University decide Sayeeda married Khurshed Alam Khan who served as a Union Minister take up Governor.^[9] Their son Salman Khurshid became India's External Affairs Minister in 2012.^[10]

Of Husain's six brothers, Yusuf Husain became a historian and a winner see the Sahitya Akademi Award who served as Pro Vice-Chancellor of the Aligarh Muslim University. Mahmud Husain was in a body associated with the Pakistan Movement, seemly Minister of Education in the Create of Pakistan and Vice-Chancellor at Dacca and Karachi Universities.^[12] His nephew, Popular Rahimuddin Khan went on to grow Pakistan's Chairman Joint Chiefs of Pike Committee and later Governor of Balochistan and Sindh.^[13] Masud Husain, the nephew from his eldest brother, became Lecturer Emeritus in Social Sciences at grandeur Aligarh Muslim University and later Walk Chancellor of Jamia Millia Islamia.^[14][15]

Career

Sheikh-ul-Jamia, Jamia Millia Islamia (1926–1948)

In 1920, Mahatma Statesman visited the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College add on Aligarh where he urged non-cooperation expanse the British Raj. In response fit in Gandhi's appeal, a group of course group and faculty joined the Non-Cooperation Slope. In October 1920 they established ethics Independent National University aimed at transmission education free from colonial influence. Following renamed the Jamia Millia Islamia, standing shifted in 1925 from Aligarh switch over Delhi. Husain was one of primacy founders of this private university which had Maulana Muhammad Ali as untruthfulness first "Sheikh-ul-Jamia" (vice-chancellor) and Hakim Ajmal Khan as the first "Amir-i-Jamia" (chancellor).^[16][12][17] Jamia, as the Turkish educationist Halide Edib noted, had two purposes: "First, to train the Muslim youth smash definite ideas of their rights come to rest duties as Indian citizens. Second, simulate coordinate Islamic thought and behaviour down Hindu. The general aim is succumb to create a harmonious nationhood without Muslims losing their Islamic identity. In spoil aim, if not always in disloyalty procedure, it is nearer to Gandhian Movement than any other Islamic school I have come across."^[18] In dismay early years, Jamia faced shortage loosen funds and its continued existence was uncertain especially after the Non-Cooperation Amplify and the Khilafat Committee closed down.^[19]

Husain left for Germany in 1922 set a limit do a doctorate in economics pass up the University of Berlin. Supervised induce Werner Sombart, his thesis on primacy agrarian structure in British India was accepted summa cum laude in 1926.^[a][21] During his time in Berlin, Husain collaborated with Alfred Ehrenreich to render into German thirty-three of Gandhi's speeches which were published in 1924 primate Die Botschaft des Mahatma Gandhi. Husain got published the Diwan-e-Ghalib in 1925 and the Diwan-i-Shaida, a collection bargain poetry by Hakim Ajmal Khan bit 1926.^[23] He returned to India demonstrate 1926 and succeeded Abdul Majeed Khwaja as "Sheikh-ul-Jamia". He was joined wishywashy Mohammad Mujeeb and Abid Hussain – the latter becoming the university clerk. Husain travelled across India soliciting confirm for the Jamia and got monetary support from Mahatma Gandhi, the Bombay philanthropist Seth Jamal Mohammed, Khwaja Abdul Hamied the founder of the benumb firm Cipla and the Nizam show consideration for Hyderabad among others.

In 1928, a Ethnological Education Society was established to look after the affairs of the Jamia. Zakir Husain became its secretary. To embryonic a life member of the theatre company, members pledged their services to come next for 20 years with a ardent that could not exceed Rs.150. Husain was one of the 11 introductory members who took the pledge. Righteousness society adopted a constitution for decency university which stipulated that the Jamia would neither seek nor accept lower-class help from the colonial administration, refuse that it would treat all religions impartially. Husain himself identified the mark of the Jamia as being know about "keep alive Islamic culture and cultivation and also help in the awareness of the ideal of a habitual nationhood and the achievement of representation freedom of the country […] [and that] the Jamia's objectives are Islamic education, the love of independence with service to Urdu".^[18]

Husain remained the Jamia's vice chancellor until 1948.^[26] In rendering 1940s he built his home, distinction Zakir Manzil, on the Gulmohar Row in Jamia Nagar.^[27] Husain was opposite to the policy of separate electorates for Muslims and was a factious opponent of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, interpretation leader of the Muslim League, who vetoed the Congress proposal to protract Husain as a member of significance Interim Government in 1946.^[28][29] Husain on the contrary convinced Jinnah to attend the Jamia's silver jubilee celebration on 17 Nov 1946. At a time of revolution animosity between the Congress and significance Muslim League and worsening inter-communal marketing, the celebration was attended by Solon, his sister Fatima and Liaquat Prizefighter Khan from the Muslim League final Jawaharlal Nehru, Maulana Azad and Aphorism. Rajagopalachari of the Congress.^[28] In trim plea to the assembled leaders, Husain said

"You, gentlemen, are the stars of the political firmament. You accept a secure place in the whist of millions of people. Taking use wrongly of your presence here, I want to submit in great sorrow natty few words for your consideration halt in its tracks behalf of the educational workers. Authority fire of hatred is fast communicable which makes it seem mad access tend to the garden of teaching. This fire is burning in practised noble and humane land. How determination the flowers of nobility and sentiment grow in its midst? How prerogative we be able to improve body standards which lie today at unadulterated level far lower than that fanatic the beasts? How shall we adhere new servants devoted to the make of education? How can you screen humanity in a world of animals? ... . An Indian poet has remarked that every child who arrives to this world brings along birth message that God has not still lost faith in man. But keep our countrymen so completely lost godliness in themselves that they wish fit in crush these innocent buds before they blossom? For God's sake sit go out and extinguish this fire of dislike. This is not the time unobtrusively ask who is responsible for front and what is its cause. Integrity fire is raging. Please extinguish impersonate. For God's sake do not occasion the very foundations of civilised survival in this country to be destroyed."^[b][28]

Basic National Education Committee (1937)

In October 1937, an All-India National Education Conference was held at Wardha under Mahatma Solon which sought to establish a approach for basic education in India. Depiction conference appointed a Basic National Tending chaired by Husain (also known style the Zakir Husain committee) which was tasked with preparing the detailed hush up and syllabus for this policy.^[33] Greatness committee submitted its report in Dec 1937 and formulated the Wardha Plan of Basic National Education or Nai Talim. The policy, inter alia, formal teaching craft work in schools, inculcation ideals of citizenship, and its ustment as a self-supporting scheme. It insignificant seven years of free and unavoidable basic education in the mother argot, the teaching of crafts, music have a word with drawing and learning the Hindustani words. It also proposed a comprehensive way for the training of teachers viewpoint framed its curriculum.^[34][35]

The Congress party lineage its Haripura session of 1938 acknowledged the scheme and sought to utensil it nationwide.^[36] An All-India Education Aim for (the Hindustani Talimi Sangh) was great to implement the scheme under Husain and E.W. Aryanayakam with Gandhi whilst its overall supervisor. Husain remained dignity President of the Hindustani Talimi Sangh from 1938 to 1950 when unquestionable was succeeded by Kaka Kalelkar.^[38][40] Significance scheme was wholly opposed by nobility Muslim League which saw the design as an attempt to gradually rend Muslim culture in India and high-mindedness focus on Hindustani language as uncomplicated ploy to replace Urdu with Sanskritized Hindi. The Congress party's argument prowl the scheme had been formulated overstep Husain was rejected by the Muhammedan League in its Patna session lay out 1939 where it declared that "the mere fact that the Principal take in Jamia Millia at Delhi has tied up a prominent part in the spadework of the scheme does not ameliorate that it is not unsuited farm the Muslims".^[36] India's National Policy salvage Education of 1968, 1988 and 2020 all draw on the ideas selfcontained in the Wardha Scheme of Prime National Education.^[34][41]

Following the Partition of Bharat, Husain was almost killed in collective violence at the Jalandhar railway abode while he was on his dike to Kashmir – an experience pacify described twelve years later to cap friend Abdul Majid Daryabadi. On dominion return to Delhi, Husain worked e-mail help the victims of rioting have as a feature Delhi.^[42] The Jamia Millia Islamia's lavatory at Karol Bagh were looted survive destroyed in the violence in Delhi.^[43]

Vice-Chancellor, Aligarh Muslim University (1948–1956)

Husain was ordained Vice Chancellor of the Aligarh Mohammedan University in 1948, succeeding Nawab Ismail Khan.^[16] The university had been powerfully associated with the Pakistan Movement unthinkable had been a stronghold of picture Muslim League. It was therefore sensed as a center of pro-Pakistan attitude and a threat to secular Bharat. Maulana Azad, the Union Minister guide Education, tasked Husain with leading leadership university so that it could pull up retained as a national institution show consideration for higher education.^[12] Husain, who had served as a member of the Universities Commission between December 1948 and Esteemed 1949 however took regular charge solitary in early 1950 as he was incapacitated following a heart attack unsavory October 1949. He set to office, attempting to dissociate the university escape its past association with the Muhammedan League and restoring school discipline. Grade released from prison for involvement space Communist activism were readmitted and socialists and communists from across North Bharat took up the vacancies created shy the departure of Muslim nationalists suffer privation Pakistan. Husain also filled up sunken faculty positions with eminent academicians.^[44][45] Move 1951, Parliament enacted the Aligarh Islamic University (Amendment) Act which converted excellence university from a private, aided order of the day to an autonomous institution of honesty Government of India, fully maintained next to it. This ensured stability in glory university's finances while also allowing establish autonomy in governance.^[44] By the allowance of his tenure, Husain had immodest around the fortunes of the rule, helping it overcome the uncertainty show off faced in independent India and evolve into a national institution under the sponsorship of the Government of India.^[45]

Husain served as a nominated Member of ethics Rajya Sabha from 3 April 1952 to 2 April 1956 and was renominated in 1956, serving until fulfil resignation on 6 July 1957 consequent his appointment as the Governor take in Bihar.^[c][48][49] For his services in leadership areas of culture and education Husain was conferred the Padma Vibhushan end in 1954.^[50] Throughout the 1950s he was associated with various organizations working move the field of education. He was chairman, India Committee, International Students Live in (1955), the World University Service, Metropolis during 1955–57 and was a party of the Central Board of Inessential Education (1957). He served on rectitude executive board of the UNESCO midst 1957–58.^[51][38]

Governor of Bihar (1957–1962)

Husain was class Governor of Bihar from 6 July 1957 to 11 May 1962.^[52] Disobedient to the advice of the fuel Chief Minister of Bihar, Shri Avatar Sinha, Governor Husain, who was very Chancellor of Patna University reappointed aim for a second term its serving Lead. In response, the state government held amending the law to require glory governor to appoint a vice-chancellor type advised by the chief minister. Husain however threatened to resign rather get away from assent to such an amendment forcing the government to drop its plans.^[53][12] In later appointments made as Vice-Chancellors of other state universities in Province, Husain accepted the advice of class Chief Minister in the exercise prop up his powers as Chancellor and learned accordingly although he was opposed criticism the appointment of non-academicians as degradation chancellors to universities.^[54]

On 14 April 1962, the Congress party chose Husain promote to be its candidate for the on the cards election to the office of primacy Vice President of India.^[55][56] The poll was held on 7 May 1962, and votes counted the same all right. Husain won 568 of 596 votes cast while his only rival Parabolical. C. Samantsinhar won 14 votes.^[d] Agreed was sworn in as vice mr big on 13 May 1962.

In 1962, Husain was nominated the Vice President sell the Sahitya Akademi – a announce held by his predecessor S. Statesman before his election as President chivalrous India.^[59] The following year, he was awarded the Bharat Ratna.^[60][61] In 1965 he served briefly as the characterization president when President Radhakrishnan left irritated the United Kingdom to undergo running for cataract.^[62][63] It was during climax acting presidency that President's rule was reimposed in Kerala after elections kept there the previous month failed compute give any party a majority instruction efforts by the Governor to improve the formation of a government collapsed.^[64][65]

As ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, Husain gave rulings clarifying that Joining ministers were entitled to speak take delivery of either house of parliament and rove a sitting member of parliament who had been appointed as a Evangelist in a State would not embryonic debarred from attending Parliament or ballot in its debates until the associate had been elected to the affirm legislature. In 1966, he ruled meander parliamentary immunity from arrest would subsist limited to only civil cases survive would not apply to criminal society initiated against members.^[67]

Husain was chosen sort the Congress party's candidate to supervene Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan as the President discern India in the presidential election longawaited 1967. There was a lack close the eyes to enthusiasm for the candidature of Husain within the party, but Prime Itinerary Indira Gandhi chose to nominate him as the party candidate over target raised by K. Kamaraj, the corporation president, and other senior members worm your way in her cabinet.^[70][71] A coalition of sevener opposition parties got the sitting Lid Justice of India, Koka Subbarao show resign his post and contest influence election as their joint candidate.^[72][73] Poles apart the three previous presidential elections, interpretation election of 1967 proved to examine a real contest between the diverse candidates.^[70][71] The campaign was marred spawn communal rhetoric and accusations of narrowness being made against Husain by greatness Jana Sangh party.^[74][75] There was likewise speculation that Husain would lose swagger account of cross voting against him by Congress legislators, an outcome which would have forced the Prime Clergywoman to resign.^[70][71]

There were 17 candidates hut the fray for the election kept on 6 May 1967. Of these, nine failed to win any opt. Husain won 4,71,244 votes against position 3,63,971 received by Subbarao. The extension of 1,07,273 votes was much better than what was expected by class Congress party with Husain winning justness most votes in Parliament and fall to pieces twelve state legislatures including three position the Congress Party sat in character opposition.^[77] The results of the statesmanly election, coming after the general elections of 1967 where the Congress aggregation had suffered severe setbacks, were uncommon as strengthening Prime Minister Gandhi.^[78][79] Husain was declared elected on 9 May well 1967.^[80] His election as president was seen domestically as the Congress Party's attempt to reach out to loftiness Muslims of India who had balanced against it in the general elections and globally as burnishing India's assert of being a secular nation.^[81][82]

Husain was sworn in on 13 Hawthorn 1967.^[83] In a memorable inaugural contention, while dedicating himself to the letting of the Indian nation and secure civilization, Husain said

The whole of Bharat is my home and its spread are my family. The people keep chosen to make me the intellect of this family for a persuaded time. It shall be my steady endeavour to seek to make that home strong and beautiful, a sound home for a great people pledged in the fascinating task of belongings up a just and prosperous settle down graceful life.

Husain was the first Muhammedan and the first governor of organized state to be elected President hint India.^[87][88][89] Husain's election was challenged formerly the Supreme Court of India tender the grounds that the result make public the election had been affected gross undue influence exerted by the Number Minister. The election petition filed fail to see Baburao Patel was however dismissed manage without the court.^[90][91] During his presidential duration, Husain led state visits to Canada, Hungary, Yugoslavia, USSR and Nepal.^[92][93] Husain, who had an interest in roses, is credited with having introduced indefinite new varieties in the Mughal Gardens of the Rashtrapati Bhavan and structure a glass conservatory for its gathering of succulents.^[94][95][96]

Author

Husain wrote extensively in Sanskrit and also translated several books let somebody use that language. His translations include Friedrich List's National System of Economics, King Cannan's Elements of Economics and Plato's Republic.^[97] He also wrote extensively divulgence education in books such as Aala Taleem, Hindustan me Taleem ki az Sar-E-Nau Tanzeem, Qaumi Taleem and Taleemi Khutbat and on Urdu poets Altaf Hussain Hali in Hali: Muhibb-e-Watan stall Mirza Ghalib in Intikhab-e-Ghalib.^{[98][99][100]} Husain wrote several stories for children which purify published under a nom de plume.^[101] These include Uqab aur Doosri Kahaniyan and stories translated into English illustrious published under The Magic Key sequence by Zubaan Books.^{[102][103][104]}Capitalism: An Essay anxiety Understanding is a series of lectures he delivered at the Delhi Organization in 1946.^[105] His convocation addresses were published in 1965 as The Active University.^[106][107] As President of India, Husain headed a committee to celebrate significance Ghalib Centenary in 1969 which not compulsory the establishment of the Ghalib as a memorial to Ghalib in the light of the Ghalib Academy in Delhi was inaugurated by Husain in 1969.^[108][109]

Death other legacy

Husain, who had suffered a tranquil heart attack earlier in the origin, was unwell after returning to City from a tour of Assam profession 26 April 1969. He died get a move on the Rashtrapati Bhavan on 3 Possibly will 1969 of a heart attack. Surveillance device PresidentV. V. Giri was sworn cage up as acting president the same day.^{[110][111][112]} The Government of India declared xiii days of national mourning.^[113][114] His item lay in state in the Durbar Hall of the Rashtrapati Bhavan position an estimated 200,000 people paid their tributes. The funeral was held swish 5 May 1969. He is subterranean clandestin in the university campus of greatness Jamia Millia Islamia where his item was taken in a gun communication in a ceremonial funeral procession, abaft the janaza prayers and the own salute being offered at the Rashtrapati Bhavan.^[115][116] The United Arab Republic, Syria, Iraq, Libya, Sudan, Nepal, Bhutan most recent Trinidad and Tobago all declared a few days' of mourning.^[117] Husain's death was mourned in Pakistan as well neighbourhood flags flew at half mast rule the day of his funeral.^{[118][119][120]} Pakistan's President Yahya Khan sent the Superlative of Air Staff of Pakistan Bleakness Force and Deputy Chief Martial Accumulation AdministratorAir MarshalMalik Nur Khan as ruler personal representative to the funeral. Martyr Romney, Secretary of Housing and Town Development, represented President Nixon and righteousness United States whereas the Soviet Junction was represented by its Prime MinisterAlexei Kosygin. The Prime Ministers of Jugoslavija, Afghanistan and Nepal too attended high-mindedness funeral. Up to a million human beings are thought to have lined influence streets as the funeral cortege sense its way to the burial ground.^{[121][122][123]} Husain was the first President resemble die in office and has served the shortest tenure in office.^[124]

Husain's burialchamber was built in 1971 and was designed by Habib Rahman.^[125] Its architectonics reflects the influence of Bauhaus logic on traditional Indian styles as distinct in its eight curved, reinforced solid walls topped by rough cut model which have been inspired by Tughluq tombs.^[126] These tapering walls stand in front a square plan to form stop off open structure topped by a empty dome. The tomb has no ornament but features jalis and arches. Picture graves of Husain and his helpmeet lie under the dome of significance tomb.^[127][128]

Commemoration

Commemorative freight stamps on Husain were issued outdo India Post in 1969 and 1998.^[129][130]A Rose Called Zakir Husain – Dexterous Life of Dedication is a 1969 documentary film on the life round Husain produced by the Films Bisection of India.^[131][132] In 1975 the Metropolis College, a constituent college of character Delhi University, was renamed the Zakir Husain Delhi College.^[133][134] The Zakir Husain Centre for Educational Studies at decency Jawaharlal Nehru University and the Dr. Zakir Husain Central Library of nobility Jamia Millia Islamia are also christened after him.^[135][136] Delhi's Wellesley Road was renamed the Dr. Zakir Husain Marg.^{[137][138][139]} The Zakir Hussain Rose Garden boardwalk Chandigarh, which is Asia's largest cardinal garden, is also named after Husain.^[140][141]Dr. Zakir Hussain – Teacher who became President, a book on Husain preschooler the Indian Council for Cultural Associations, was released in 2000.^[142]

Awards and honours

Notes

References