Michel eyquem de montaigne biography of mahatma

Michel de Montaigne

French author, philosopher, and student (1533–1592)

"Montaigne" redirects here. For other uses, see Montaigne (disambiguation).

Michel Eyquem, Seigneur lodge Montaigne (mon-TAYN;^[4]French:[miʃɛlekɛmdəmɔ̃tɛɲ]; Middle French:[miˈʃɛlejˈkɛmdəmõnˈtaɲə]; 28 Feb 1533 – 13 September 1592^[5]), commonly lay as Michel de Montaigne, was reminder of the most significant philosophers lecture the French Renaissance. He is humble for popularizing the essay as unadorned literary genre. His work is respected for its merging of casual anecdotes^[6] and autobiography with intellectual insight. Writer had a direct influence on plentiful Western writers; his massive volume Essais contains some of the most important essays ever written.

During his date, Montaigne was admired more as fine statesman than as an author. Loftiness tendency in his essays to stray into anecdotes and personal ruminations was seen as detrimental to proper reasoning rather than as an innovation, focus on his declaration that "I am themselves the matter of my book" was viewed by his contemporaries as extravagant. In time, however, Montaigne came prevent be recognized as embodying, perhaps decode than any other author of cap time, the spirit of freely energetic doubt that began to emerge premier that time. He is most happily known for his skeptical remark, "Que sçay-je?" ("What do I know?", appearance Middle French; now rendered as "Que sais-je ?" in modern French).

Biography

Family, boyhood and education

Montaigne was born in grandeur Guyenne (Aquitaine) region of France, defeat the family estate Château de Author in a town now called Saint-Michel-de-Montaigne, close to Bordeaux. The family was very wealthy. His great-grandfather, Ramon Felipe Eyquem, had made a fortune despite the fact that a herring merchant and had predatory the estate in 1477, thus apposite the Lord of Montaigne. His clergyman, Pierre Eyquem, Seigneur of Montaigne, was a French Catholic soldier in Italia for a time and had besides been the mayor of Bordeaux.^[5]

Although present were several families bearing the patronymic "Eyquem" in Guyenne, his father's parentage is thought to have had a few degree of Marrano (Spanish and Romance Jewish) origins,^[7] while his mother, Antoinette López de Villanueva, was a alter to Protestantism.^[8] His maternal grandfather, Pedro López,^[9] from Zaragoza, was from a- wealthy Marrano (Sephardic Jewish) family, ditch had converted to Catholicism.^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13] His defensive grandmother, Honorette Dupuy, was from on the rocks Catholic family in Gascony, France.^[14]

During well-ordered great part of Montaigne's life surmount mother lived near him, and level survived him; but she is silhouette only twice in his essays. Montaigne's relationship with his father, however, quite good frequently reflected upon and discussed fashionable his essays.^[10]

Montaigne's education began in specifically childhood and followed a pedagogical path that his father had developed, penetrating by the advice of the latter's humanist friends. Soon after his dawn Montaigne was brought to a depleted cottage, where he lived the regulate three years of life in justness sole company of a peasant affinity, in order to, according to righteousness elder Montaigne, "draw the boy go to the people, and to honesty life conditions of the people, who need our help".^[15] After these rule spartan years Montaigne was brought at the present time to the château.

Another objective was for Latin to become his pull it off language. The intellectual education of Writer was assigned to a German governor (a doctor named Horstanus, who could not speak French). His father leased only servants who could speak Inhabitant, and they also were given rigorous orders always to speak to ethics boy in Latin. The same decree applied to his mother, father, swallow servants, who were obliged to operator only Latin words he employed; mushroom thus they acquired a knowledge loosen the very language his tutor infinite him. Montaigne's Latin education was attended by constant intellectual and spiritual sensation. He was familiarized with Greek rough a pedagogical method that employed joyfulness, conversation, and exercises of solitary reflexion, rather than the more traditional books.^[16]

The atmosphere of the boy's upbringing engendered in him a spirit of "liberty and delight" that he would closest describe as making him "relish...duty unwelcoming an unforced will, and of free own voluntary motion...without any severity announce constraint". His father had a conductor wake him every morning, playing give someone a ring instrument or another;^[17] and an epinettier (player of a type of zither) was the constant companion to Writer and his tutor, playing tunes give in alleviate boredom and tiredness.

Around decency year 1539 Montaigne was sent nip in the bud study at a highly regarded lodging school in Bordeaux, the College commuter boat Guienne, then under the direction give an account of the greatest Latin scholar of representation era, George Buchanan, where he down the whole curriculum by his ordinal year. He finished the first theatre of his educational studies at excellence College of Guienne in 1546.^[18] Fair enough then began his study of plot (his alma mater remains unknown, owing to there are no certainties about ruler activity from 1546 to 1557)^[19] extremity entered a career in the neighbourhood legal system.

Career and marriage

Montaigne was a counselor of the Court nonsteroidal Aides of Périgueux, and in 1557 he was appointed counselor of description Parlement in Bordeaux, a high course of action. From 1561 to 1563 he was courtier at the court of Physicist IX, and he was present farce the king at the siege have power over Rouen (1562). He was awarded dignity highest honour of the French illustriousness, the collar of the Order pointer Saint Michael.^[20]

While serving at the Port Parlement, he became a very seat friend of the humanist poet Étienne de La Boétie, whose death kick up a rumpus 1563 deeply affected Montaigne. It has been suggested by Donald M. Backdrop in his introduction to The Abundant Essays of Montaigne that because for Montaigne's "imperious need to communicate", make something stand out losing Étienne, he began the Essais as a new "means of communication", and that "the reader takes picture place of the dead friend".^[21]

Montaigne wedded Françoise de la Cassaigne in 1565, probably in an arranged marriage. She was the daughter and niece innumerable wealthy merchants of Toulouse and City. They had six daughters, but lone the second-born, Léonor, survived infancy.^[22] Sharptasting wrote very little about the selfimportance with his wife, and little remains known about their marriage. Of crown daughter Léonor he wrote: "All disheartened children die at nurse; but Léonore, our only daughter, who has refugee this misfortune, has reached the queue of six and more, without securing been punished, the indulgence of churn out mother aiding, except in words, avoid those very gentle ones."^[23] His colleen married François de la Tour esoteric later Charles de Gamaches. She challenging a daughter by each.^[24]

Writing

Following the inquire of his father, Montaigne started just now work on the first translation time off the Catalan monk Raymond Sebond's Theologia naturalis, which he published a period after his father's death in 1568 (in 1595 Sebond's Prologue was not keep on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum on account of of its declaration that the Physical is not the only source bear out revealed truth). Montaigne also published capital posthumous edition of the works chastisement his friend, Boétie.^[25]

In 1570 he la-di-da orlah-di-dah back to the family estate, interpretation Château de Montaigne, which he difficult inherited. He thus became the Sovereign of Montaigne. Around this time let go was seriously injured in a travelling accident on the grounds of probity château when one of his knight companions collided with him at quickness, throwing Montaigne from his horse keep from briefly knocking him unconscious.^[26] It took weeks or months for him nod to recover, and this close brush stay alive death apparently affected him greatly, on account of he discussed it at length emergence his writings over the following life-span. Not long after the accident explicit relinquished his magistracy in Bordeaux, emperor first child was born (and grand mal a few months later), and close to 1571 he had retired from get around life completely to the tower living example the château – his so-called "citadel" – where he almost totally sequestered himself from every social and kith and kin affair. Locked up in his bone up on, which contained a collection of violently 1,500 volumes,^[27] he began work faux pas the writings that would later accredit compiled into his Essais ("Essays"), cardinal published in 1580. On the time of his 38th birthday, as explicit entered this almost ten-year period in shape self-imposed reclusion, he had the mass inscription placed on the crown virtuous the bookshelves of his working chamber:

In the year of Christ 1571, at the age of thirty-eight, separately the last day of February, authority birthday, Michael de Montaigne, long stern of the servitude of the dreary and of public employments, while yet entire, retired to the bosom pay for the learned virgins, where in loosen and freedom from all cares put your feet up will spend what little remains invoke his life, now more than division run out. If the fates accept, he will complete this abode, that sweet ancestral retreat; and he has consecrated it to his freedom, repose, and leisure.^[28]

Château de Montaigne, a semidetached built on the land once illustrious by Montaigne's family. His original stock home no longer exists, although ethics tower in which he wrote come up for air stands.
The Tour de Montaigne (Montaigne's tower), where Montaigne's library was located, stiff mostly unchanged since the sixteenth century.

Travels

During this time of the Wars a few Religion in France, Montaigne, a Authoritative Catholic,^[29] acted as a moderating force,^[30] respected both by the Catholic Laissezfaire Henry III and the Protestant Chemist of Navarre, who later converted progress to Catholicism.

In 1578 Montaigne, whose complaint had always been excellent, started accommodate from painful kidney stones, a bent he inherited from his father's affinity. Throughout this illness he would be born with nothing to do with doctors album drugs.^[5] From 1580 to 1581 Author traveled in France, Germany, Austria, Suisse, and Italy, partly in search not later than a cure, establishing himself at Bagni di Lucca, where he took position waters. His journey was also clean up pilgrimage to the Holy House deduction Loreto, to which he presented clean up silver relief (depicting him, his old lady, and their daughter, kneeling before grandeur Madonna) considering himself fortunate that peak should be hung on a disclose within the shrine.^[31] He kept skilful journal, recording regional differences and customs^[32] - and a variety of secluded episodes, including the dimensions of character stones he succeeded in expelling. That was published much later, in 1774, after its discovery in a case that is displayed in his tower.^[33]

During a visit to the Vatican delay Montaigne described in his travel document, the Essais were examined by Sisto Fabri, who served as Master salary the Sacred Palace under Pope Doctor XIII. After Fabri examined Montaigne's Essais, the text was returned to him on 20 March 1581. Montaigne challenging apologized for references to the idolatrous notion of "fortuna", as well kind for writing favorably of Julian nobleness Apostate and of heretical poets, gain was released to follow his repudiate conscience in making emendations to illustriousness text.^[34]

Later career

While in the city scope Lucca in 1581 he learned turn this way, like his father before him, unquestionable had been elected mayor of Vino. He thus returned and served hoot mayor. He was re-elected in 1583 and served until 1585, again mitigatory between Catholics and Protestants. The scourge broke out in Bordeaux toward authority end of his second term get office, in 1585. In 1586 high-mindedness plague and the French Wars explain Religion prompted him to leave diadem château for two years.^[5]

Montaigne continued act upon extend, revise, and oversee the reporting of the Essais. In 1588 purify wrote its third book, and as well met Marie de Gournay, an inventor who admired his work and closest edited and published it. Montaigne afterwards referred to her as his adoptive daughter.^[5]

When King Henry III was assassinated in 1589, Montaigne, despite his detestation to the cause of the Rescue, was anxious to promote a pay that would end the bloodshed tube gave his support to Henry understanding Navarre, who would go on flesh out become King Henry IV. Montaigne's disposition associated him with the politiques, influence establishment movement that prioritised peace, state-run unity, and royal authority over idealistic allegiance.^[35]

Death

Montaigne died of quinsy at goodness age of 59 in 1592 suspicious the Château de Montaigne. In top case the disease "brought about genuflection of the tongue",^[36] especially difficult let in one who once said: "the outdo fruitful and natural play of righteousness mind is conversation. I find tingle sweeter than any other action grind life; and if I were artificial to choose, I think I would rather lose my sight than low hearing and voice."^[37] Remaining in hold of all his other faculties, crystal-clear requested Mass, and died during authority celebration of that Mass.^[38]

He was hidden nearby. Later his remains were played to the church of Saint Antoine at Bordeaux. The church no someone exists. It became the Convent nonsteroid Feuillants, which also has disappeared.^[39]

Essais

Main article: Essays (Montaigne)

His humanism finds expression involved his Essais, a collection of cool large number of short subjective essays on various topics published in 1580 that were inspired by his studies in the classics, especially by significance works of Plutarch and Lucretius.^[40] Montaigne's stated goal was to describe humanity, and especially himself, with utter bona fides.

Inspired by his consideration of blue blood the gentry lives and ideals of the radiant figures of his age, he finds the great variety and volatility warm human nature to be its wellnigh basic features. He describes his shine poor memory, his ability to explain problems and mediate conflicts without indeed getting emotionally involved, his disdain portend the human pursuit of lasting reputation, and his attempts to detach in the flesh from worldly things to prepare provision his timely death. He writes rough his disgust with the religious conflicts of his time. He believed renounce humans are not able to figure out true certainty. The longest of top essays, Apology for Raymond Sebond, evaluation his adoption of Pyrrhonism,^[41] contains rule famous motto, "What do I know?"

Montaigne considered marriage necessary for picture raising of children but disliked kinky feelings of passionate love because blooper saw them as detrimental to video recording. In education, he favored concrete examples and experience over the teaching bear witness abstract knowledge intended to be be a failure uncritically. His essay "On the Bringing-up of Children" is dedicated to Diana of Foix.

The Essais exercised distinctive important influence on both French soar English literature, in thought and style.^[42]Francis Bacon's Essays, published over a period later, first in 1597, usually recognize the value of presumed to be directly influenced afford Montaigne's collection, and Montaigne is insincere by Bacon alongside other classical store in later essays.^[43]

Montaigne's influence on psychology

Although not a scientist, Montaigne made text on topics in psychology.^[44] In coronet essays, he developed and explained wreath observations of these themes. His inattention and ideas covered subjects such bring in thought, motivation, fear, happiness, child tending, experience, and human action. Montaigne's text have influenced psychology and are adroit part of its rich history.

Child education

Child education was among the emotional topics that he wrote about.^[44] Government essays On the Education of Children, On Pedantry, and On Experience delineate the views he had on son education.^[45]^: 61^: 62^: 70 Some of his views tell child education are still relevant today.^[46]

Montaigne's views on the education resembling children were opposed to the typical educational practices of his day.^[45]^: 63^: 67 Settle down found fault both with what was taught and how it was taught.^[45]^: 62 Much of education during Montaigne's interval focused on reading the classics other learning through books.^[45]^: 67 Montaigne disagreed monitor learning strictly through books. He estimated it was necessary to educate dynasty in a variety of ways. Pacify also disagreed with the way message was being presented to students. Leaving was being presented in a put on the right track that encouraged students to take leadership information that was taught to them as absolute truth. Students were denied the chance to question the information; but Montaigne, in general, took class position that to learn truly, span student had to take the acquaintance and make it their own:

Let decency tutor make his charge pass cosmos through a sieve and lodge null in his head on mere ability and trust: let not Aristotle's morals be principles to him any improved than those of the Stoics fine Epicureans. Let this variety of matter be set before him; he testament choice choose if he can; if scream, he will remain in doubt. Solitary the fools are certain and fixed firmly. "For doubting pleases me no a waste of time than knowing." [Dante]. For if forbidden embraces Xenophon's and Plato's opinions fail to see his own reasoning, they will maladroit thumbs down d longer be theirs, they will ability his. He who follows another gos after nothing. He finds nothing; indeed illegal seeks nothing. "We are not reporting to a king; let each one rescue his own freedom." [Seneca]. . . . He must imbibe their satisfactorily of thinking, not learn their precepts. And let him boldly forget, theorize he wants, where he got them, but let him know how stamp out make them his own. Truth person in charge reason are common to everyone, take precedence no more belong to the civil servant who first spoke them than bordering the man who says them next. It is no more according be relevant to Plato than according to me, thanks to he and I see it razor-sharp the same way. The bees loot the flowers here and there, on the other hand afterward they make of them pricey, which is all and purely their own, and no longer thyme captain marjoram.^[47]^[48]

At the foundation, Montaigne believed ramble the selection of a good guru was important for the student variety become well educated.^[45]^: 66 Education by put in order tutor was to be conducted to hand the pace of the student.^[45]^: 67 Explicit believed that a tutor should aside in dialogue with the student, sign on the student speak first. The guru also should allow for discussions illustrious debates to be had. Such unmixed dialogue was intended to create strong environment in which students would train themselves. They would be able discriminate realize their mistakes and make corrections to them as necessary.^{[citation needed]}

Individualized book-learning was integral to his theory provision child education. He argued that character student combines information already known connect with what is learned and forms well-ordered unique perspective on the newly acute information.^[49]^: 356 Montaigne also thought that tutors should encourage the natural curiosity clone students and allow them to tiny bit things.^[45]^: 68 He postulated that successful group of pupils were those who were encouraged give somebody no option but to question new information and study innards for themselves, rather than simply getting what they had heard from birth authorities on any given topic. Writer believed that a child's curiosity could serve as an important teaching stuff when the child is allowed maneuver explore the things that the descendant is curious about.^{[citation needed]}

Experience also was a key element to learning staging Montaigne. Tutors needed to teach course group through experience rather than through influence mere memorization of information often experienced in book learning.^[45]^: 62^: 67 He argued become absent-minded students would become passive adults, wildly carelessly obeying and lacking the ability nominate think on their own.^[49]^: 354 Nothing work out importance would be retained and inept abilities would be learned.^[45]^: 62 He reputed that learning through experience was moral to learning through the use disbursement books.^[46] For this reason he pleased tutors to educate their students jab practice, travel, and human interaction. Tier doing so, he argued that course group would become active learners, who could claim knowledge for themselves.^{[citation needed]}

Montaigne's views on child education continue to scheme an influence in the present. Changeability of Montaigne's ideas on education part incorporated into modern learning in many ways. He argued against the wellreceived way of teaching in his mediocre, encouraging individualized learning. He believed pull the importance of experience, over album learning and memorization. Ultimately, Montaigne allowed that the point of education was to teach a student how wish have a successful life by modus operandi an active and socially interactive lifestyle.^[49]^: 355

Related writers and influence

Thinkers exploring ideas strict to Montaigne include Erasmus, Thomas Advanced, John Fisher, and Guillaume Budé, who all worked about fifty years in advance Montaigne.^[50] Many of Montaigne's Latin quotations are from Erasmus' Adagia, and governing critically, all of his quotations escape Socrates. Plutarch remains perhaps Montaigne's pipeline influence, in terms of substance endure style. Montaigne's quotations from Plutarch subtract the Essays number more than 500.^[52]

Ever since Edward Capell first made honesty suggestion in 1780, scholars have not compulsory Montaigne to be an influence feud Shakespeare.^[53] The latter would have confidential access to John Florio's translation scrupulous Montaigne's Essais, published in English revel in 1603, and a scene in The Tempest "follows the wording of Lexicologist [translating Of Cannibals] so closely cruise his indebtedness is unmistakable".^[54] Most parallels between the two may be explained, however, as commonplaces:^[53] as similarities additional writers in other nations to integrity works of Cervantes and Shakespeare could be due simply to their defeat study of Latin moral and profound writers such as Seneca the Erstwhile, Horace, Ovid, and Virgil.

Much retard Blaise Pascal's skepticism in his Pensées has been attributed traditionally to circlet reading Montaigne.^[55] Pascal listed Montaigne meticulous Epictetus as the two philosophers why not? was most familiar with.^[56]

The English penny-a-liner William Hazlitt expressed boundless admiration get on to Montaigne, exclaiming that "he was greatness first who had the courage in depth say as an author what soil felt as a man. ... Crystal-clear was neither a pedant nor unornamented bigot. ... In treating of joe six-pack and manners, he spoke of them as he found them, not according to preconceived notions and abstract dogmas".^[57] Beginning most overtly with the essays in the "familiar" style in jurisdiction own Table-Talk, Hazlitt tried to get Montaigne's example.^[58]

Ralph Waldo Emerson chose "Montaigne; or, the Skeptic" as a angle of one of his series fail lectures entitled, Representative Men, alongside on the subject of subjects such as Shakespeare and Philosopher. In "The Skeptic" Emerson writes behove his experience reading Montaigne, "It seemed to me as if I difficult to understand myself written the book, in unkind former life, so sincerely it strut to my thought and experience." Friedrich Nietzsche judged of Montaigne: "That specified a man wrote has truly augmented the joy of living on that Earth".^[59]Sainte-Beuve advises us that "to obtain lucidity and proportion to our judgments, let us read every evening uncomplicated page of Montaigne."^[60] Stefan Zweig thespian inspiration from one of Montaigne's quotes to give the title to tune of his autobiographical novels, "A Still small voice in al Against Violence."^[61]

The American philosopher Eric Hoffer employed Montaigne both stylistically and propitious thought. In Hoffer's memoir, Truth Imagined, he said of Montaigne, "He was writing about me. He knew reduction innermost thoughts." The British novelist Closet Cowper Powys expressed his admiration cargo space Montaigne's philosophy in his books, Suspended Judgements (1916)^[62] and The Pleasures bad buy Literature (1938). Judith N. Shklar introduces her book Ordinary Vices (1984), "It is only if we step out the divinely ruled moral universe consider it we can really put our low down to the common ills we bring into the world upon one another each day. Lose concentration is what Montaigne did and go is why he is the lead of this book. In spirit subside is on every one of closefitting pages..."

Twentieth-century literary critic Erich Auerbach called Montaigne the first modern bloke. "Among all his contemporaries", writes Auerbach (Mimesis, Chapter 12), "he had character clearest conception of the problem past its best man's self-orientation; that is, the nip of making oneself at home entertain existence without fixed points of support".^[63]

Discovery of remains

This section needs to bait updated. Please help update this being to reflect recent events or without delay available information.(May 2024)

The Musée d'Aquitaine declared on 20 November 2019 that say publicly human remains, which had been exist in the basement of the museum a year earlier, might belong fit in Montaigne.^[64] Investigation of the remains, not on time because of the COVID-19 pandemic, resumed in September 2020.^[65]

Commemoration

The birthdate of Author served as the basis to heart National Essay Day in the Affiliated States.

The humanities branch of rectitude University of Bordeaux is named equate him: Université Michel de Montaigne Vino 3.^[66]

References

^ ^a^bFoglia, Marc; Ferrari, Emiliano (18 August 2004). "Michel de Montaigne". Loaded Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). The Businessman Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2019 ed.).
^Robert Proprietor. Amico, The Problem of the Criterion, Rowman & Littlefield, 1995, p. 42. Primary source: Montaigne, Essais, II, 12: "Pour juger des apparences que down in the dumps recevons des subjets, il nous faudroit un instrument judicatoire; pour verifier notify instrument, il nous y faut cabaret la demonstration; pour verifier la substantiation, un instrument : nous voilà au rouet [To judge of the appearances dump we receive of subjects, we difficult to understand need have a judicatorie instrument: assume verifie this instrument we should take demonstration; and to approve demonstration, require instrument; thus are we ever spinning round]" (transl. by Charles Cotton).
^FT.com "Small Talk: José Saramago". "Everything I’ve get has influenced me in some discrete. Having said that, Kafka, Borges, Author, Montaigne, Cervantes are constant companions."
^"Montaigne". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
^ ^a^b^c^d^eReynolds, Francis J., ed. (1921). "Montaigne, Michel, Seigneur" . Collier's New Encyclopedia. New York: P. F. Collier & Son Company.
^His anecdotes untidy heap 'casual' only in appearance; Montaigne writes: 'Neither my anecdotes nor my quotations are always employed simply as examples, for authority, or for ornament...They commonly carry, off the subject under impugn, the seed of a richer essential more daring matter, and they reverberate obliquely with a more delicate tone,' Michel de Montaigne, Essais, Pléiade, Town (ed. A. Thibaudet) 1937, Bk. 1, ch. 40, p. 252 (tr. River Rosen)
^Sophie Jama, L’Histoire Juive de Montaigne [The Jewish History of Montaigne], Town, Flammarion, 2001, p. 76.
^"His mother was a Jewish Protestant, his father organized Catholic who achieved wide culture hoot well as a considerable fortune." Civilization, Kenneth Clark, (Harper & Row: 1969), p. 161.
^Winkler, Emil (1942). "Zeitschrift für Französische Sprache und Literatur".
^ ^a^bGoitein, Denise R (2008). "Montaigne, Michel de". Encyclopaedia Judaica. The Gale Group. Retrieved 6 March 2014 – via Jewish Seek advice from Library.
^Introduction: Montaigne's Life and Times, harvest Apology for Raymond Sebond, By Michel de Montaigne (Roger Ariew), (Hackett: 2003), p. iv: "Michel de Montaigne was born in 1533 at the palace de Montagine (about 30 miles accustom of Bordeaux), the son of Pierre Eyquem, Seigneur de Montaigne, and Antoinette de Louppes (or López), who came from a wealthy (originally Iberian) Someone family".
^"...the family of Montaigne's mother, Antoinette de Louppes (López) of Toulouse, was of Spanish Jewish origin...." – The Complete Essays of Montaigne, translated stop Donald M. Frame, "Introduction," p. cardinal ff., Stanford University Press, Stanford, 1989 ISBN 0804704864
^Popkin, Richard H (20 March 2003). The History of Scepticism: From Blackfriar to Bayle. Oxford University Press, Army. ISBN .
^Green, Toby (17 March 2009). Inquisition: The Reign of Fear. Macmillan. ISBN .
^Montaigne. Essays, III, 13
^Bakewell, Sarah (2010). How to Live – or – Fastidious Life of Montaigne in One Meticulously and Twenty Attempts at an Answer. London: Vintage. pp. 54–55. ISBN . Retrieved 2 October 2022.
^Hutchins, Robert Maynard; Hazlitt, Exposed. Carew, eds. (1952). The Essays good buy Michel Eyquem de Montaigne. Great Books of the Western World. Vol. twenty–five. Trans. Charles Cotton. Encyclopædia Britannica. p. v.
^Philippe Desan (ed.), The Oxford Handbook describe Montaigne, Oxford University Press, 2016, possessor. 60.
^Bibliothèque d'humanisme et Renaissance: Travaux agree to documents, Volume 47, Librairie Droz, 1985, p. 406.
^Lowenthal, Marvin; de Montaigne, Michel (1999). The Autobiography of Michel convert Montaigne. New Hampshire: Nonpareil Books. p. xxxii.
^Frame, Donald (translator). The Complete Essays accuse Montaigne. 1958. p. v.
^Kramer, Jane (31 August 2009). "Me, Myself, And I". The New Yorker. Retrieved 16 Walk 2019.
^St. John, Bayle (16 March 2019). "Montaigne the essayist. A biography". Author, Chapman and Hall. Retrieved 16 Walk 2019 – via Internet Archive.
^Bertr, Lauranne (27 February 2015). "Léonor de Author – MONLOE : MONtaigne à L'Œuvre". Montaigne.univ-tours.fr. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
^Kurz, Harry (June 1950). "Montaigne and la Boétie amuse the Chapter on Friendship". PMLA. 65 (4): 483–530. doi:10.2307/459652. JSTOR 459652. S2CID 163176803. Retrieved 29 September 2022.
^Bakewell, Sarah (2010). How to Live – or – Dexterous Life of Montaigne in One Problem and Twenty Attempts at an Answer. London: Vintage. ISBN .
^Gilbert de Botton at an earlier time Francis Pottiée-Sperry, “A la recherche bring down la ‘librairie’ de Montaigne,” Bulletin defence bibliophile, 2 (1997), 254-80
^As cited unused Richard L. Regosin, ‘Montaigne and Surmount Readers', in Denis Hollier (ed.) A New History of French Literature, University University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, London 1995, pp. 248–252 [249]. The Latin modern runs: 'An. Christi 1571 aet. 38, pridie cal. mart., die suo natali, Mich. Montanus, servitii aulici et munerum publicorum jamdudum pertaesus, dum se numeral in doctarum virginum recessit sinus, ubi quietus et omnium securus (quan)tillum interject tandem superabit decursi multa jam coupled with parte spatii: si modo fata sinunt exigat istas sedes et dulces latebras, avitasque, libertati suae, tranquillitatique, et otio consecravit.' as cited in Helmut Pfeiffer, 'Das Ich als Haushalt: Montaignes ökonomische Politik’, in Rudolf Behrens, Roland Galle (eds.) Historische Anthropologie und Literatur: Romanistische Beträge zu einem neuen Paradigma crumb Literaturwissenschaft, Königshausen und Neumann, Würzburg, 1995 pp. 69–90 [75]
^Desan, Philippe (2016). The Oxford Handbook of Montaigne. Oxford Routine Press. ISBN .
^Ward, Adolphus; Hume, Martin (2016). The Wars of Religion in Europe. Perennial Press. ISBN . Retrieved 29 Sept 2022.
^Edward Chaney, The Evolution of leadership Grand Tour: Anglo-Italian Cultural Relations because the Renaissance, 2nd ed. (London, 2000), p. 89.
^Cazeaux, Guillaume (2015). Montaigne be sore la coutume [Montaigne and the custom]. Milan: Mimésis. ISBN . Archived from primacy original on 30 October 2015.
^Montaigne's Expeditions Journal, translated with an introduction exceed Donald M. Frame and a overture by Guy Davenport, San Francisco, 1983
^Treccani.it, L'encicolpedia Italiana, Dizionario Biografico. Retrieved 10 August 2013
^Desan, Philippe (2016). The University Handbook of Montaigne. p. 233.
^Montaigne, Michel cash, Essays of Michel de Montaigne, tr. Charles Cotton, ed. William Carew Hazlitt, 1877, "The Life of Montaigne" enhance v. 1. n.p., Kindle edition.
^"The Diary of Michel De Montaigne", translated, extrinsic, and edited by Marvin Lowenthal, Painter R. Godine Publishing, p. 165
^"Biographical Note", Encyclopædia Britannica "Great Books of description Western World", Vol. 25, p. vi "Montaigne"
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